Design, Development, And In Vitro Evaluation of Etoposide- Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers for Enhanced Bio accessibility and Sustained Drug Release for Targeted Therapy in Small Cell Lung and Testicular Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.1754Keywords:
Etoposide, Bioaccessibility enhancement, lipid nanocarriers, Nanostructured Carriers, Chemotherapeutic agents, Oral drug delivery.Abstract
Etoposide-loaded lipid nanocarriers (ELNC) were developed and evaluated for their potential in treating cancer by improving the solubility, bioaccessibility, and controlled release of etoposide, a chemotherapeutic agent used primarily for small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. Nanocarriers (ELNC-1, ELNC-2, ELNC-3) demonstrated particle sizes of 289–294 nm with a narrow polydispersity index, indicating uniformity and stability. Stability studies revealed a significant reduction in particle size under acidic conditions (pH 2.0), ensuring compatibility with gastric fluid, while an increase in size under alkaline conditions (pH 7.0) highlighted aggregation challenges. In vitro bioaccessibility studies showed a marked improvement for lipid nanocarriers compared to etoposide solution (ETS), with ELNC formulations achieving bioaccessibility of approximately 48% after 120 minutes. Drug release studies in simulated intestinal conditions exhibited a sustained release profile, with over 90% of etoposide released within 360 minutes. These findings suggest that ELNC can improve the therapeutic efficacy of etoposide by enhancing drug delivery in cancer patients. Further optimization to address intestinal aggregation is required to ensure stability and maximize therapeutic outcomes.
Downloads
Metrics
References
ADITYA, N. P., SHIM, M., LEE, I., LEE, Y., IM, M.-H. & KO, S. 2013. Curcumin and genistein coloaded nanostructured lipid carriers: in vitro digestion and antiprostate cancer activity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 61, 1878-1883.
BELOQUI, A., SOLINÍS, M. Á., RODRÍGUEZ-GASCÓN, A., ALMEIDA, A. J. & PRÉAT, V. 2016. Nanostructured lipid carriers: Promising drug delivery systems for future clinics. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, biology and medicine, 12, 143-161.
BONNAIRE, L., SANDRA, S., HELGASON, T., DECKER, E. A., WEISS, J. & MCCLEMENTS, D. J. 2008. Influence of lipid physical state on the in vitro digestibility of emulsified lipids. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56, 3791-3797.
BOSE, S. & MICHNIAK-KOHN, B. 2013. Preparation and characterization of lipid based nanosystems for topical delivery of quercetin. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48, 442-452.
DINGLER, A. & GOHLA, S. 2002. Production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): scaling up feasibilities. Journal of microencapsulation, 19, 11-16.
DUNN, G. P., OLD, L. J. & SCHREIBER, R. D. 2004. The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity, 21, 137-148.
ELMOWAFY, M. & AL-SANEA, M. M. 2021. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as drug delivery platform: Advances in formulation and delivery strategies. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 29, 999-1012.
GRIFFITH, R. S. 1981. Introduction to vancomycin. Reviews of infectious diseases, 3, S200-S204.
IBRAHIM, U. H., DEVNARAIN, N., OMOLO, C. A., MOCKTAR, C. & GOVENDER, T. 2021. Biomimetic pH/lipase dual responsive vitamin-based solid lipid nanoparticles for on-demand delivery of vancomycin. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 607, 120960.
IQBAL, M. A., MD, S., SAHNI, J. K., BABOOTA, S., DANG, S. & ALI, J. 2012. Nanostructured lipid carriers system: recent advances in drug delivery. Journal of drug targeting, 20, 813-830.
JONES, P. A. & BAYLIN, S. B. 2007. The epigenomics of cancer. Cell, 128, 683-692.
JOSHI, M. D., PRABHU, R. H. & PATRAVALE, V. B. 2019. Fabrication of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC)-based gels from microemulsion template for delivery through skin. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Basic Protocols, 279-292.
JUNYAPRASERT, V. B., TEERANACHAIDEEKUL, V., SOUTO, E. B., BOONME, P. & MÜLLER, R. H. 2009. Q10-loaded NLC versus nanoemulsions: stability, rheology and in vitro skin permeation. International journal of pharmaceutics, 377, 207-214.
KHAN, D. R. 2010. The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery in cancer therapy. J Cancer Sci Ther, 2, 58-62.
LI, Y., HU, M. & MCCLEMENTS, D. J. 2011. Factors affecting lipase digestibility of emulsified lipids using an in vitro digestion model: Proposal for a standardised pH-stat method. Food Chemistry, 126, 498-505.
MONTECUCCO, A. & BIAMONTI, G. 2007. Cellular response to etoposide treatment. Cancer letters, 252, 9-18.
MONTECUCCO, A., ZANETTA, F. & BIAMONTI, G. 2015. Molecular mechanisms of etoposide. EXCLI journal, 14, 95.
NASERI, N., VALIZADEH, H. & ZAKERI-MILANI, P. 2015. Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers: structure, preparation and application. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin, 5, 305.
PEER, D., KARP, J. M., HONG, S., FAROKHZAD, O. C., MARGALIT, R. & LANGER, R. 2020. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nano-enabled medical applications, 61-91.
PENG, Z., LI, S., HAN, X., AL-YOUBI, A. O., BASHAMMAKH, A. S., EL-SHAHAWI, M. S. & LEBLANC, R. M. 2016. Determination of the composition, encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity in protein drug delivery systems using circular dichroism spectroscopy. Analytica chimica acta, 937, 113-118.
PÉREZ-HERRERO, E. & FERNÁNDEZ-MEDARDE, A. 2015. Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics, 93, 52-79.
PUNU, G. F., HARAHAP, Y., ANJANI, Q. K., HARTRIANTI, P., DONNELLY, R. F. & RAMADON, D. 2023. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN): Formulation and Fabrication. Pharm. Sci. Res.(PSR), 10, 55-66.
SHAH, R., ELDRIDGE, D., PALOMBO, E. & HARDING, I. 2014. Optimisation and stability assessment of solid lipid nanoparticles using particle size and zeta potential. Journal of physical science, 25.
SLEVIN, M. L. 1991. The clinical pharmacology of etoposide. Cancer, 67, 319-329.
STEVENS, D. L. 2006. The role of vancomycin in the treatment paradigm. Clinical infectious diseases, 42, S51-S57.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
