A Comprehensive Review on Bioethanol Production from Fruit Wastes
Keywords:
Bioethanol, Fruit wastes, Hydrolysis, Fermentation, SaccharificationAbstract
Bioethanol is a green resource of energy which is a product made from fermenting biological components. Fruit waste has high sugar content that act as a crucial factor for producing bioethanol. Bioethanol gained a significant attention as a promising alternative energy roots to gasoline, offering a clean, renewable, and green combustible fuel option. Bioethanol is categorized as three generations. The first-generation bioethanol has made from food crops such as sugarcane and corn, the second-generation non-food lignocellulosic materials like forestry leftovers and agricultural wastes, and the third generation advanced bioethanol incorporate innovative technologies like algae-based bioethanol and genetic engineering. The earliest recorded use of bioethanol was in ancient civilizations, where it was used as an alcoholic beverage. However, its use as a fuel source gained prominence in the 20th century, driven by the need for alternative energy sources. Cellulose is produced from the lignocellulosic mass and then fermented for bioethanol production. Lower lignin content also highlights its potency. Bulk amount of fruit wastes are being disposed throughout the world. They take a long time to degrade and may lead to several environmental threats. Thus choosing fruit waste as a feedstock greater benefits. The producing process of bioethanol contains many steps starts from pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and ethanol recovery. A pretreatment method involves methods like biological, physical and chemical. Hydrolysis involves production of cellulose from the lignocellulosic biomass. Blending ethanol with gasoline has numerous benefits, including enhancing the number of octane, reducing hydrocarbon emissions, and raising burning capacity. A range of countries have embraced ethanol-blended fuels, varying from E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) to E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) with some modifications to vehicle engines.
The bioethanol sector is a central figure in the global transformation to green energy. For bioethanol to become a mainstream energy source, its price needs to be competitive with that of fossil fuels. Governments worldwide have introduced policies like taxes, farm subsidies, and fuel requirements to encourage the production & utilization of biofuels. However, the high cost of producing bioethanol, largely driven by raw material expenses (60–75% of total costs), remains a significant hurdle. Employing cheaper feedstocks, such as waste biomass, and improving production methods can help lower these costs. The profitability of production of bioethanol deviates from one to another region; for example, America and Brazil have different production costs due to their distinct agricultural systems and available resources. Fruit waste stands out as a potentially valuable and cost-effective raw material for bioethanol production because it holds significant amounts of natural sugars, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that global fruit production attained 887 million metric tonnes in 2020, with China, India, and Brazil being the leading producers. The accumulation of fruit and vegetable waste is a significant issue, with almost 37% of total agricultural waste in Asia being attributed to fruit and vegetable waste This has guided researchers to explore substitute feed stocks and production approaches to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Global fruit production has increased by 59% from 2000 to 2021, reaching a cumulative output of 910 million tons. Massive fruit production and intake led to impactful fruit waste formation, with 41 million tons of fruit waste produced annually. A waste of fruit peel alone aids about 15% - 60% of the fruit waste and mostly junked fruit waste can cause health issue if not properly managed, necessitating a suitable fruit waste management. This review article mainly focuses on highlighting the benefits of using fruit wastes for bioethanol production and the steps involved in it.
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