“Evaluation Of Bite Force And Its Corelation With Skeletal Malocclusions – An In Vivo Study”

Authors

  • Madhvi Bhardwaj
  • Ashish Chauhan
  • Sweety Gupta
  • Aisshanya Pandey
  • Kanchan Sahu
  • Manish Dagdiya

Keywords:

N\A

Abstract

Introduction:  Maximum bite force (MBF) refers to the greatest force generated by the masticatory system during functional contact. It serves as a key indicator of the functional capacity of the stomatognathic system and reflects the efficiency of the masticatory apparatus.   

Aim : The present study aimed to compare maximum bite force among individuals with different sagittal malocclusions.   

Methodology :  Patients reporting to the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial  

orthopaedics’ at Saraswati Dental College were recruited for the study. Participants were classified into three groups based on skeletal (Class I, Class II and Class III) malocclusion. Maximum bite force was measured using a digital bite force transducer, expressed in Newton’s, and the data were subjected to statistical analysis.   

Result : A decreasing trend in maximum bite force was observed across the groups, with the highest values recorded in Class I malocclusion and the lowest in Class III malocclusion.  

Conclusion :  Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that subjects with Class I malocclusion exhibit greater maximum bite force, suggesting a more efficient masticatory system and improved chewing efficiency compared to those with Class II and Class III malocclusions..

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Nawaz MS, Yazdanie N, Hussain S, Moazzam M, Haseeb M, Hassan M. Maximum voluntary bite force generated by individuals with healthy dentition and normal occlusion. J Pak Dent Assoc. 2020;29(4):199 204.

- Kiliardis S, Kjellberg H, Wenneberg B, Engstrom C. The relationship Between maximal bite force, bite force endurance, and facial morphology During growth. A cross-sectional study. Acta odontol Scand. 1993 ;51(5):323-31.

- Fontijn-Tekamp FA, van der Bilt A, Abbink JH, et al. (2004) Swallowing threshold and masticatory performance in dentate adults. Physiol Behav. 83: 431–436.

- Onyper S.V., Carr T.L., Farrar J.S. Cognitive advantages of chewing gum. Now you see them, now you don’t. Appetite. 2011;57(2):321-28.

Takeshita H, Ikebe K, Gondo Y et al. Association of Occlusal Force with Cognition in Independent Older Japanese People. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016 Apr;1(1):69-76.

- Knijn F.V., Verhoeff M.C., Bjndels K. L et al. Are demographic factors, masticatory performance and structural brain signatures associated with cognitive impairment in older people? A pilot study of cross-sectional neuroimaging data Oral Rehabil. 2024 Feb;51(2):321-27.

- Al-Manei K, Jia L, Al-Manei K.K. et al. Food Hardness Modulates Behaviour, Cognition, and Brain Activation: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients. 2023 Feb 25;15(5):1168.

Furukawa M, Tada H, Raju R et al. Long-term soft-food rearing in young mice alters brain function and mood-related Behavior.2023; 15(10):2397.

Hatch J.P., Shankai R.S.A., Sakai S et al. Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults. Arch Oral Biol.2001;46(7):641-48.

Palinkas M, Borges T.F., Taba Junior M et al. Alterations in masticatory cycle efficiency and bite force in individuals with periodontitis’ J Health Sci (Qassim). 2019;13(1):25–29.

11- Kaur H, Singh N, Gupta H et al. Effect of various malocclusion on maximal bite force- a systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2022;12(5):687–693.

Azizia T, Sultan K, Sukari T et al. Evaluation of the relationship between sagittal skeletal discrepancies and maxillary sinus volume in adults using cone-beam computed tomography. Sci Rep.2025; 15:25689.

Alam M K, Alfawzan A A Maximum voluntary molar bite force in subjects with malocclusion: multifactor analysis. J Int Med Res. 2020 Oct 13;48(10): 1-9.

Ciavarella D, Lorusso M, Fanelli C et al. Evaluation of occlusal force in Class II subdivision malocclusion. J Oral Rehabil. 2024; 51(9): 1813-20.

Turkistani K.A., Alkayyal M.A., Abbassy M.A., et al. Comparison of occlusal bite force distribution in subjects with different occlusal characteristics. Cranio. 2020; 19:1–8.

16- Araújo S.C., Vieira M.M., Gasparotto C.A., Bommarito S. Bite force analysis in different types of angle malocclusions. Revista CEFAC. 2014; 16:1567–1578.

Bakke M. Bite force and occlusion. Semin Orthod. 2006; 12:120-26.

Trawitzki L.V.V., Silva J.B., Regalo S.C.H. et al. Effect of class II and class III dentofacial deformities under orthodontic treatment on maximal isometric bite force. Arch Oral Biol. 2011; 56(10) 972-76.

Alshammari A, Almotairy N, Kumar A et al. Effect of malocclusion on jaw motor function and chewing in children: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2022 Jan 5;26(3):2335–51.

Tsai H. Maximum bite force and related dental status in children with deciduous dentition. J Clin Pediatr Dent. ;28(2):139-42. 2004.

Willemijn F C de Sonnaville et al. Maximum bite force in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis with and without clinical established temporomandibular joint involvement and in healthy children: a cross-sectional study. J Oral Rehabil. 2021 Jul;48(7):774-784.

Singh S, Sandhu N, Kashyap R 3 A Study of Bite Force and Various Variables in Children Segregated by Angle’s Classification Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2012 Aug 8;5(2):118–123.

Sonnesen L, Bakke M et al Molar bite force in relation to occlusion, craniofacial dimensions, and head posture in pre-orthodontic children. Eur J Orthod 2005; 27(1): 58-63.

Bonjardim L.R., Gavião M.B.D., Pereira L.J et al. Bite force determination in adolescents with and without temporomandibular dysfunction. J Oral Rehabil. 2005 Aug;32(8):577-83.

- Subramaniam P, Girish Babu Kl, Ifzah. Effect of Restoring Carious Teeth on Occlusal Bite Force in Children. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2016. 40(4);297-300.

- Hirano Y, Obata T, Takahashi H, Tachibana A, Kuroiwa D, Takahashi T, Ikehira H, Onozuka M. Effects of chewing on cognitive processing speed. Brain Cogn. 2013;81(3):376–81.

Lexomboon D, Trulsson M, Wardh I, Parker MG. Chewing ability and tooth loss:

Association with cognitive impairment in an elderly population study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(10):1951–6.

- Grigoriadis A, Kumar A, Aberg MK, Trulsson M. Effect of sudden deprivation of sensory inputs from periodontium on mastication. Front Neurosci. 2019; 13:1316.

- Tsutsui K, Kaku M, Motokawa M, Tohma Y, Kawata T, Fujita T, Kohno S, Ohtani J, Tenjoh K, Nakano M, et al. Influences of reduced masticatory sensory input from soft-diet feeding upon spatial memory/learning ability in mice. Biomed Res. 2007;28(1):1–7.

- Palinkas M, Nassar MS, Cecílio FA, et al. Age and gender influence on maximal bite force and masticatory muscles thickness. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(10):797–802.

Sakaguchi M, Ono N, Turuta H, et al. Development of new handy type occlusal force gauge. Jpn J Med Electr Biol Eng. 1996; 34:53–5.

Kamegai T, Tatsuki T, Nagano H, et al. A determination of bite force in northern Japanese children. Eur J Orthod. 2005;27(1):53–7.

Sathyanarayana HP, Premkumar S, Manjula WS. Assessment of maximum voluntary bite force in adults with normal occlusion and different types of malocclusions. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2012;13(4):534–8.

Atlas AM, Behrooz E, Barzilay I. Can bite-force measurement play a role in dental treatment planning, clinical trials, and survival outcomes? A literature review and clinical recommendations. Quintessence Int. 2022;53(7):632–42.

- Nitschke I, Moede C, Hopfenmüller W, Sobotta BAJ, Koenig A, Jockusch J. Validation of a new measuring instrument for the assessment of bite force. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(23):3498.

Osborn JW, Mao J. A thin bite-force transducer with three-dimensional capabilities reveals a consistent change in bite-force direction during human jaw-muscle endurance tests. Arch Oral Biol. 1993;38(2):139-44.

Helkimo E, Carlsson GE, Carmeli Y. Bite force in patients with functional disturbances of the masticatory system. J Oral Rehabil. 1975;2(4):397–406.

Koc D, Dogan A, Bek B. Bite force and influential factors on bite force measurements: a literature review. Eur J Dent. 2010;4(2):223–32.

- Morokuma M, Yoneyama Y, Matsuda R, Hosoi T, Ohkubo C. Influence of occlusal force on electroencephalograms in edentulous patients. J Prosthodont. 2015;24(7):532–7.

- Padma S, Umesh S, Asokan S, Srinivas T. Bite force measurement based on fiber Bragg grating sensor. J Biomed Opt. 2017;22(10):1–6..

-.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-08

How to Cite

1.
Bhardwaj M, Chauhan A, Gupta S, Pandey A, Sahu K, Dagdiya M. “Evaluation Of Bite Force And Its Corelation With Skeletal Malocclusions – An In Vivo Study”. J Neonatal Surg [Internet]. 2025 Dec. 8 [cited 2026 Apr. 14];14(32S):9873-80. Available from: https://jneonatalsurg.com/index.php/jns/article/view/9653