Addressing the Social Determinants of Health: A Comprehensive Approach to Improving Health Outcomes in the United States

Abstract

This study examines the impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) on health outcomes in the United States, with a focus on housing stability, food security, employment, education, and healthcare access. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected from 500 adults across three states, while qualitative insights were gathered through 20 in-depth interviews with healthcare providers, community leaders, and individuals with lived experience of socioeconomic disadvantage. Results revealed strong associations between housing instability, food insecurity, and unemployment with poor self-reported health, as confirmed through regression analysis. Housing instability (OR = 2.45) and food insecurity (OR = 2.10) emerged as the strongest predictors of poor health. Qualitative findings highlighted barriers such as high healthcare costs, discrimination, and lack of safe housing, alongside facilitators including community-based programs, supportive policies, and strong social networks. Integration of quantitative and qualitative findings emphasized that housing and food security are critical determinants of health, while employment and education act as important moderators. The study concludes that addressing these core determinants through coordinated, cross-sector policies and community partnerships can substantially improve health equity and outcomes.