Comparative Evaluation of Shodhana Media on The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Gandhaka

Abstract

Gandhaka (sulphur) is a pivotal component in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics, especially in Rasashastra, used in numerous formulations for its Rasayana and detoxifying properties. However, crude Gandhaka (Ashuddha Gandhaka) often contains physical and chemical impurities such as clay, stones, Haratala, and Manahshila, necessitating its purification (Shodhana) before therapeutic application. Classical texts like Rasatarangini describe several Shodhana methods using various media. This study evaluates and compares three traditional media for Gandhaka Shodhana — Godugdha (cow milk), Bhringraj Swarasa (Eclipta alba juice), and Churnodaka (lime water) — representing animal, plant, and mineral sources respectively. Each method was implemented according to classical procedures, and the purified Gandhaka was analyzed for yield, physical changes, and antimicrobial activity using the Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by measuring the zone of inhibition and comparing the results with raw Gandhaka and standard antibiotics (Gentamycin and Fluconazole). Results showed that all three purification methods improved the antimicrobial profile of Gandhaka. Among them, Bhringraj Swarasa Shodhita Gandhaka exhibited the strongest effect on S. epidermidis, while Godugdha Shodhita Gandhaka was most effective against C. albicans. Churnodaka Shodhita Gandhaka, although easier to prepare, demonstrated the least antimicrobial activity and is therefore considered less effective as a Shodhana medium. The study highlights the importance of Shodhana media in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of Gandhaka. Both Godugdha and Bhringraj Swarasa proved superior to Churnodaka in terms of yield and antimicrobial performance. Further clinical studies are recommended to substantiate these findings and explore the pharmacological implications in patient care.