Advances in Topical Antiviral Drug Delivery: Role of Liposomes and Nanotechnology-Based Strategies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63682/jns.v14i30S.7504Keywords:
Liposomes, nanocarriers, skin penetration, herpes simplex virus (HSV), phytochemicals, curcumin, controlled release, bioavailability, liposomal gels, nanotechnology, skin barrier, synergistic therapyAbstract
Viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and others present a significant global health challenge due to their recurrent nature and limited treatment options. Topical antiviral therapy offers a targeted and patient-compliant approach to manage localized infections, with reduced systemic side effects. However, the skin’s barrier—particularly the stratum corneum—poses a major obstacle to effective drug delivery. This review highlights the advances in topical antiviral therapy with a special emphasis on liposomal nanocarriers, which have emerged as promising vehicles for enhancing drug penetration, stability, and localized action. Liposomes, owing to their biocompatibility and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, improve the bioavailability of conventional and herbal antiviral agents. Furthermore, the synergistic potential of combining synthetic antivirals like acyclovir with phytochemicals such as curcumin enhances therapeutic outcomes while minimizing resistance and toxicity. The paper also discusses formulation strategies such as use of penetration enhancers, hydrogel systems, and deformable liposomes (e.g., ethosomes, transfersomes), as well as physical enhancement techniques like microneedles. Overall, nanocarrier-based topical therapies represent a transformative direction in antiviral treatment, offering controlled release, improved efficacy, and better patient adherence.
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