A Comprehensive Review of Garbha Samskara on Mother and Progeny - Current Need for Integrated Pregnancy Care Practices
Keywords:
Ante-natal, Foetus, Integration, Pregnancy-care, Psychology, RegimenAbstract
Garbha Samskara encompasses practices/regimes that focus on the physical and psychological developmental aspects, both in the mother and the foetus, through nutritional and behavioural interventions. Understanding the specific impact of each Garbha Samskara can aid obstetricians in recommending appropriate regimen to pregnant women, who may be prone to pregnancy-related complications. This review is aimed to understand the impact of each Garbha Samskara by studying them with an inclusive approach and to identify potential indicators to assess their impacts. Ayurveda and contemporary literature and reviews from various available meta-analyses, systemic reviews, and clinical research procured from PubMed, Google Scholar, DHARA databases and Ayurveda texts were studied. Search keywords like ‘Garbha Samskara’, ‘Garbhini Paricharya’, ‘Garbhini AND assessment’, ‘Ayurveda AND antenatal-care’ and terms specific to each Garbha Samskara were used. The related researches were studied. Based on this review, it can be deduced that these regimens may potentially execute protective action on the mother and foetus by preventing stress, anxiety, pregnancy-related disorders and, post-delivery complications. They ease the mode of delivery and they are capable of instilling desired values in the child to be born. Using suitable parameters, it is possible to assess and document the impact of each Garbha Samskara. The integrated practice of Garbha Samskara may have the potential to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and prevent nutrition-related disorders in the mother and foetus. Since Garbha Samskara is a cost-effective therapy, it can be easily integrated into maternal and child welfare programs established by the government due to its accessibility and affordability.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Lunze K, Higgins-Steele A, Simen-Kapeu A, Vesel L, Kim J, Dickson K. Innovative approaches for improving maternal and newborn health--A landscape analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 Dec 17; 15:337. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0784-9.
Meh C, Sharma A, Ram U, Fadel S, Correa N, Snelgrove JW, Shah P, Begum R, Shah M, Hana T, Fu SH, Raveendran L, Mishra B, Jha P. Trends in maternal mortality in India over two decades in nationally representative surveys. BJOG. 2022 Mar;129(4):550-561. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16888.
Glynn LM, Howland MA, Sandman CA, Davis EP, Phelan M, Baram TZ, Stern HS. Prenatal maternal mood patterns predict child temperament and adolescent mental health. J Affect Disord. 2018 Mar 1; 228:83-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.065.
Phua DY, Kee MZL, Meaney MJ. Positive Maternal Mental Health, Parenting, and Child Development. Biol Psychiatry. 2020 Feb 15;87(4):328-337. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.028.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana; Atreyabhadrakapiya Adhyaya: Chapter 26, Verse 34. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 142.
Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens S, Adam T, Walker N, de Bernis L; Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team. Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: how many newborn babies can we save? Lancet. 2005 Mar 12-18;365(9463):977-88. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71088-6.
Londe DJ, Chinchalkar S, Kaushik R, Prakash O. GarbhaSamskar: Ayurveda Way of Epigenetic Programming. J Res AyurvedicSci 2018;2(1):42-49.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Ayurveda Deepika commentary of Chakrapanidatta, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 16. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 342.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Atulyagotriya Adhyaya: Chapter 2, Verse 25. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 304.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana; Yajjahpurushiya Adhyaya: Chapter 25, Verse 40. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 132.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 22. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 344.
Mehran N, Hajian S, Simbar M, AlaviMajd H. Spouse's participation in perinatal care: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020 Aug 26;20(1):489. doi: 10.1186/s12884-020-03111-7.
Lewis S, Lee A, Simkhada P. The role of husbands in maternal health and safe childbirth in rural Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015 Aug 4; 15:162. doi: 10.1186/s12884-015-0599-8.
Chadda RK, Deb KS. Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:299-309. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.105555
Wiradnyani LA, Khusun H, Achadi EL, Ocviyanti D, Shankar AH. Role of family support and women's knowledge on pregnancy-related risks in adherence to maternal iron-folic acid supplementation in Indonesia. Public Health Nutr. 2016 Oct;19(15):2818-28. doi: 10.1017/S1368980016001002.
Tani F, Castagna V. Maternal social support, quality of birth experience, and post-partum depression in primiparous women. J MaternFetal Neonatal Med. 2017 Mar;30(6):689-692. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1182980.
Chakravorty, S., Goli, S., & James, K. S. (2021). Family Demography in India: Emerging Patterns and Its Challenges. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211008178
Bansal SB, DixitS, ShivramG, Pandey DK,SarosheS. (2014). A StudytoCompare Various Aspectsof Membersof Jointand Nuclear Family. Journal of Evolution of medical and Dental Sciences. 03, 641-648.
Fowler JR, Mahdy H, Jack BW. Preconception Counseling. [Updated 2022 Sep 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441880/
Sindhu RP, Sivaramakrishnapillai S. Preconception care in Ayurveda. J Indian Sys Medicine [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 8];7:90-2. Available from: https://www.joinsysmed.com/text.asp?2019/7/2/90/271417
Pai P, Bhutada S, Pandkar P. RajaswalaParicharya: Effect of Menstrual Cycle and its Associated Symptoms. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences.2015 Feb;14(2):82-7.
Patil LM, Patil MN, Dhamal P, Pawar BA.Self CareTo Feel Best During Menstruation (RajaswalaParicharya): The Impact of Lifestyle Modification that Enhances Fertility. AYUSHDHARA. 2020;8(2):3242-4
Mekhale MS, Budruk AP. Conceptual Study of GarbhasambhavSamagri with respect to lifestyle factors. Ayurlog: National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science. 2018;6(5):1-8
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Shareerasthana; Shukra shonita shuddhi Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 2, Verse 33. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 31.
Mekhale SM, Budruk PA. Conceptual Study of Garbha sambhav samagri With Respect to Lifestyle Factors. NJRAS [Internet]. 2018Aug.18 [cited 2023Feb.8];6(5th). Available from: https://ayurlog.com/index.php/ayurlog/article/view/155
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 6-8. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 340.
Konishi S, Saotome TT, Shimizu K, Oba MS, O'Connor KA. Coital Frequency and the Probability of Pregnancy in Couples Trying to Conceive Their First Child: A Prospective Cohort Study in Japan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 10;17(14):4985. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17144985.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sutrasthana; Tasyashitiya Adhyaya: Chapter 6, Verses 17 & 36. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 46-7.
Misra B, Vaisya R, editor. (12th ed.). Vol I. Bhavaprakasha of Bhavamishra; Purvakhanda; Dinacharyadi Prakaranam: Chapter 5, Verse 275-8.Varanasi:Chaukambha Sanskrit Bhawan, 2018; pp 148-9.
Sarkar M, Biswas NM. Influence of moonlight on the birth of male and female babies. Nepal Med Coll J. 2005 Jun;7(1):62-4. Erratum in: Nepal Med Coll J. 2005 Dec;7(2):96.
Gupta KA, editor, AshtangaSangraha of Vagbhata, Nidanasthana; SarvaroganidanaAdhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 31. Mumbai: NirnayaSagaraMudranalaya; pp 258.
Das S, Dodd S, Lewis-Jones DI, Patel FM, Drakeley AJ, Kingsland CR, Gazvani R. Do lunar phases affect conception rates in assisted reproduction? J Assist Reprod Genet. 2005 Jan;22(1):15-8. doi: 10.1007/s10815-005-0815-y.
Zimecki M. The lunar cycle: effects on human and animal behavior and physiology. PostepyHig Med Dosw (Online). 2006;60:1-7.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 4. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia,2015; pp 340.
Otta SP, Reddy RG, Sangvikar S, Tripathy R. Ayurvedic management of female infertility due to tubal blockage. J Complement Integr Med. 2021 May 12;19(1):155-160. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0297.
Baria HP, Donga SB, Dei L. Efficacy of YavaksharaTailaUttarabasti in the management of fallopian tube blockage. Ayu. 2015 Jan-Mar;36(1):29-33. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.169016.
Bhingardive KB, Sarvade DD, Bhatted S. Clinical efficacy of Vamana Karma with IkshwaakuBeeja Yoga followed by ShatapushpadiGhanavati in the management of ArtavaKshaya w. s. r to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ayu. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):127-132. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_192_16.
Asmabi MA, Jithesh MK. Ayurveda management of infertility associated with Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome: A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022 Apr-Jun;13(2):100513. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.08.006.
Sanjay Jadhav S. Ayurveda management of large endometrioma - A case report. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2023 Jan 3:100669. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2022.100669.
Varsakiya JN, Goyal M, Thakar A, Donga S, Kathad D. Efficacy of Virechana (therapeutic purgation) followed by Go-Ghrita (cow ghee) in the management of KsheenaShukra (oligozoospermia): A clinical study. AYU [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Feb 24];40:27-33. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2019/40/1/27/271428
Bhingardive KB, Sarvade DD, Bhatted S. Clinical efficacy of Vamana Karma with Ikshwaaku Beeja Yoga followed by Shatapushpadi Ghanavati in the management of Artava Kshaya w. s. r to polycystic ovarian syndrome. Ayu. 2017 Jul-Dec;38(3-4):127-132. doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_192_16. PMID: 30254392; PMCID: PMC6153915.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 27-29. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 345.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 21. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 344.
Shirke RP. Review on Ayurvedic concept of Garbhini Paricharya. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci2022;1:195-8.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 20. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 344.
Rani SRD. Clinical understanding of garbhini and sootikaparicharya. Int J Health Sci Res. 2019; 9(12):264-267.
Lele TV, Vithalani VL, Dalvi AS. Relevance of Garbhini Paricharya to the 'Foetal Psychology’: A Brief Review. Ayurlog: National Journal of Research in Ayurved Science. 2015;3(4):140-150.
Kulkarni R, Srilakshmi C, Sarada MK. Ayurveda principles of Garbhini Paricharya (prenatal care) and its scientific relevance. J Indian Sys Medicine [Internet]. 2020;8(1):5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jism.jism_24_20
[50]
WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. PMID: 28079998.
Meghana PP, Surendran ES, Sumedhan V, Sinimol T. A critical review of GarbhiniKsheerapakas mentioned in Ayurvedic texts of Kerala. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS). 2019;4(3): 55-8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.4.3.10
Achón M, Úbeda N, García-González Á, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Effects of Milk and Dairy Product Consumption on Pregnancy and Lactation Outcomes: A Systematic Review. AdvNutr. 2019 May 1;10(suppl_2):S74-S87. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz009.
Awasthi V, Bahman S, Thakur LK, Singh SK, Dua A, Ganguly S. Contaminants in milk and impact of heating: an assessment study. Indian J Public Health. 2012 Jan-Mar;56(1):95-9. doi: 10.4103/0019-557X.96985.
Khaniki JRG. Chemical Contaminants in Milk and Public Health Concerns: A Review. International Journal of Dairy Science. 2007;2(2):104-115.
Pure & Eco India. Is A2 Milk Better Than A1 Milk?: Scientific Review. A critical review from India evaluating the benefits of A2 milk over A1 milk, including Indian epidemiological and in vitro data. Sridharan P, Chidananda LB [internet]. India: Pure & Eco India. 2023 February [Cited 2023 Feb 28]. Available from: A2 Milk Better Than A1 Milk?: Scientific Review | Pure & Eco India - Organic Magazine & Organic Directory (pureecoindia.in)
Behera R, Sahu A, Mandal A, Rai S, Karunakaran M, Dutta T. A1 versus A2 Milk- Impact on Human Health. International Journal of Livestock Research. 2018;8(4):1-7. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20170810113426
Fernández-Rico S, Mondragón ADC, López-Santamarina A, Cardelle-Cobas A, Regal P, Lamas A, Ibarra IS, Cepeda A, Miranda JM. A2 Milk: New Perspectives for Food Technology and Human Health. Foods. 2022 Aug 9;11(16):2387. doi: 10.3390/foods11162387.
Sharma M, Branscum P. Yoga interventions in pregnancy: a qualitative review. J Altern Complement Med. 2015 Apr;21(4):208-16. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0033.
Corrigan L, Moran P, McGrath N, Eustace-Cook J, Daly D. The characteristics and effectiveness of pregnancy yoga interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022 Mar 25;22(1):250. doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04474-9.
Jahdi F, Sheikhan F, Haghani H, Sharifi B, Ghaseminejad A, Khodarahmian M, Rouhana N. Yoga during pregnancy: The effects on labor pain and delivery outcomes (A randomized controlled trial). Complement TherClinPract. 2017 May;27:1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.12.002.
Rakhshani A, Nagarathna R, Mhaskar R, Mhaskar A, Thomas A, Gunasheela S. The effects of yoga in prevention of pregnancy complications in high-risk pregnancies: a randomized controlled trial. Preventive medicine. 2012 Oct 1;55(4):333-40.
Gong H, Ni C, Shen X, Wu T, Jiang C. Yoga for prenatal depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2015 Feb 5;15:14. doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0393-1.
Vasundhara VR, Ramanathan M, Ghose S, Bhavanani AB. Immediate effect of Pranava Pranayama on fetal and maternal cardiovascular parameters. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 2];15:240-5. Available from: https://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2022/15/3/240/367785
Balaji PA, Varne SR. Physiological effects of yogasanas and pranayama on metabolic parameters, maternal and fetal out come in gestational diabetes. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2017;7(7):724-728.
Corbijn van Willenswaard K, Lynn F, McNeill J, McQueen K, Dennis CL, Lobel M, Alderdice F. Music interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2017 Jul 27;17(1):271. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1432-x.
Sivanandan A, “Role Of Music As A Therapeutic Measure In Women’s Health” IRJAY.[online]2022;5(10):125-9. Available from: https://irjay.com doi. https://doi.org/10.47223/IRJAY.2022.51020
Ravi M, Govindaraj MS. Emotional impact of four specific ragas of carnatic music. Int J Alt Comp Med [Internet]. 2021Dec.31 [cited 2023Mar.2];:01-5. Available from: https://saap.org.in/journals/index.php/ijacm/article/view/232
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 47. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, reprint 2015; 348.
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Shareerasthana; Sarvabhutachinta Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 1, Verse 7. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 5.
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Sutrasthana; Agropaharaniyam Adhyaya: Chapter 5, Verse 19-33. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 55-56.
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Sutrasthana; Agropaharaniyam Adhyaya: Chapter 5, Verse 17. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 54.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; JatisutriyaShareeraAdhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 8-11. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia,2015; pp 341-2.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; Jatisutriya Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 38-40. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, reprint 2015; 345.
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Shareerasthana; Garbhinivyakaranam Shareeram Adhyaya: Chapter 10, Verse 23. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 148-9.
Antony C. Kumaragara, Rakshakarma and Special Care Neonatal Unit: A Critical Review. IJAM [Internet]. 2021 Mar. 31 [cited 2023 Mar. 3];12(1):14-22. Available from: https://www.ijam.co.in/index.php/ijam/article/view/1777
Thakral KK, editor, (reprint 2014). Vol II. Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta, Shareerasthana; Garbhavakranti Shareera Adhyaya: Chapter 3, Verse 18-30. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2014; pp 45-7.
Das R, Jana N, Arora N, Sengupta S. Ultrasound assessment of fetal hearing response to vibroacoustic stimulation, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal& Neonatal Medicine. 2020;33(14):2326-2332. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1548600
Movalled K, Sani A, Nikniaz L, Ghojazadeh M. The impact of sound stimulations during pregnancy on fetal learning: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2023 Apr 20;23(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-03990-7.
Krueger C, Garvan C. Emergence and retention of learning in early fetal development. Infant Behav Dev. 2014 May;37(2):162-73. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.12.007. Epub 2014 Feb 16. PMID: 24548971.
MacIsaac T. Pre-Birth Memories: Can People Remember Being in the Womb? Being Born? [Internet]. New York: The Epoch Times; 2015 May.28 [Updated 2015 Feb.15, cited 2023Mar.8]. Available from: Pre-Birth Memories: Can People Remember Being in the Womb? Being Born? (theepochtimes.com)
Acharya PSS, editor, (3rd ed.).Shrimadbhagavatam of Vedavyasa, Saptama Skandha; Saptamodhyaya: Chapter 7, Verse 15-16. Bangalore: Poornaprajna Samshodhana Mandiram,2009; 387.
Merchant J. Foetal trauma, body memory and early infant communication: a case illustration. J Anal Psychol. 2015 Nov;60(5):601-17. doi: 10.1111/1468-5922.12175.
Ugurlu M, Yavan T, Karasahin KE. The Effect of an Education and Counseling Program on Maternal/Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk of Preeclampsia. P R Health Sci J. 2021 Sep;40(3):127-135.
Karunia RI, Purnamayanti A, Prasetyadi FOH. Impact of educational preeclampsia prevention booklet on knowledge and adherence to low dose aspirin among pregnant women with high risk for preeclampsia. J Basic ClinPhysiolPharmacol. 2020 Jan 13;30(6):/j/jbcpp.2019.30.issue-6/jbcpp-2019-0299/jbcpp-2019-0299.xml. doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0299.
Chehrazi M, Faramarzi M, Abdollahi S, Esfandiari M, Shafierizi S. Health promotion behaviours of pregnant women and spiritual well-being: Mediatory role of pregnancy stress, anxiety and coping ways. Nurs Open. 2021; 8: 3558– 3565. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.905
Boitrelle F, Shah R, Saleh R, Henkel R, Kandil H, Chung E, Vogiatzi P, Zini A, Arafa M, Agarwal A. The Sixth Edition of the WHO Manual for Human Semen Analysis: A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 9;11(12):1368. doi: 10.3390/life11121368.
Trebichalská Z, Kyjovská D, Kloudová S, Otevřel P, Hampl A, Holubcová Z. Cytoplasmic maturation in human oocytes: an ultrastructural study †. BiolReprod. 2021 Jan 4;104(1):106-116. doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa174.
Zhang T, Li Z, Ren X, Huang B, Zhu G, Yang W, Jin L. Endometrial thickness as a predictor of the reproductive outcomes in fresh and frozen embryo transfer cycles: A retrospective cohort study of 1512 IVF cycles with morphologically good-quality blastocyst. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Jan;97(4):e9689. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009689.
Verma A, Dhiman K, Kumar S. A Clinical Study on Uttar Basti of BrihatShatavariGhruta and BaladiChurna in the management of Female Infertility w.s.r. to Endometrial Receptivity. J ayurvedaIntegr Med Sci2017;1:7-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760//jaims.v2i1.7480.
Rashidi A A, Norouzy A, Imani B, Nematy M, Heidarzadeh M, Taghipour A. Different methods for assessment of nutritional status in newborn infants based on physical and anthropometric indexes: a short review article. Reviews in Clinical Medicine, 2017; 4(1): 35-38. doi: 10.22038/rcm.2016.7520
Basha S, Surendran N, Pichichero M. Immune responses in neonates. Expert Rev ClinImmunol. 2014 Sep;10(9):1171-84. doi: 10.1586/1744666X.2014.942288. Epub 2014 Aug 4.
Gupta A, Gupta U, Gupta A, Sharma A. A study to assess spiritual well-being on anxiety among women with pregnancy. ijhs [Internet]. 2022 Jul. 25 [cited 2023 Feb. 9];6(S4):10109-14. Available from: https://sciencescholar.us/journal/index.php/ijhs/article/view/11029
Sinesi A, Maxwell M, O'Carroll R, Cheyne H. Anxiety scales used in pregnancy: systematic review. BJPsych Open 2019;5(1):e5.
Huizink AC, Delforterie MJ, Scheinin NM, Tolvanen M, Karlsson L, Karlsson H. Adaption of pregnancy anxiety questionnaire-revised for all pregnant women regardless of parity: PRAQ-R2. Arch WomensMent Health. 2016 Feb;19(1):125-32. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0531-2. Epub 2015 May 14.
Perrelli JG, Zambaldi CF, Cantilino A, Sougey EB. Instrumentos de avaliação do vínculo entre mãe e bebê [Mother-child bonding assessment tools]. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2014 Sep;32(3):257-65. doi: 10.1590/0103-0582201432318.
Acharya YT, editor, Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha, Sharirasthana; JatisutriyaShareeraAdhyaya: Chapter 8, Verse 19. Varanasi: Chaukambha Orientalia, 2015; pp 344.
National Health Mission [Internet]. India: Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram [Updated 2023 Feb 24; Cited 2023 Mar 09]. Available from: Janani-Shishu Suraksha Karyakram :: National Health Mission (nhm.gov.in)
Suprabha K, Mamatha KV. A clinical trial to evaluate the effect of RasayanaAvaleha during pregnancy W.S.R. to the fetal outcome. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2017;10:74-9
Hegde S V, Bhat P, Hegde G R. Lehya formulations for mother and child care in Havyak community of Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka, India. Plant Science Today. 2019; 6(4):479–484. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.4.603.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
