Association Between Glycemic Control And Cardiovascular Events In Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52783/jns.v14.2901Keywords:
Statistical Methods, Type 2 Diabetes, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Events, Retrospective AnalysisAbstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the largest global health concerns; cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most dominant cause of indisposition and mortality among diabetic individuals. Thus, the Cardiovascular Events and Glycemic Control study was shown as a retrospective study to regulate the association between Cardiovascular Events and Glycemic Control in patients with T2DM. Data regarding HbA1c levels and cardiovascular difficulties composed for five years was from diabetic patient records from the hospital. Descriptive statistics, chi square test, and logistic regression were done to estimate the correlation between the glycemic level and the number of the patients who have cardiovascular disease, and for statistical enquiry. As such, the firms that patient with poorly measured diabetes associated to those with good controlled height had a expressive significantly higher frequency by event (Haghighatpanah, Nejad, Haghighatpanah, Thunga, & Mallayasamy, 2018). In addition, the risk of cardiovascular complications increased with prominent HbA1c in the logistic regression model (Shen, et al., 2021). These outcomes, therefore, highlight the need for harsh glycemic management in diabetic patients to avoid the incidence of cardiac disease. Therefore, routine HbA1c and lifestyle intervention are needed in all patients with diabetes. These results are confirmed in prospective research to confirm them and tease out other contributors to the cardiovascular difficulties of diabetes.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Alam, M. M. (2021). Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus complications in humans. Sciences University. Retrieved from http://dspace.cvasu.ac.bd/handle/123456789/1328
Anyanwagu, U., Mamza, J., Donnelly, R., & Idris, I. (2016). Comparison of cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes on insulin versus non-insulin glucose-lowering therapies (GLTs): a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 69-85. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168822716305101
Bennett, D. A., Landry, D., Little, J., & Minelli, C. (2017). Systematic review of statistical approaches to quantify, or correct for, measurement error in a continuous exposure in nutritional epidemiology. BMC medical research methodology, 17, 1-22. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12874-017-0421-6
Campos-Varela, I., & Ruano-Raviña, A. (2019). Misconduct as the main cause for retraction. A descriptive study of retracted publications and their authors. Gaceta sanitaria, 33, 356-360. Retrieved from https://www.scielosp.org/article/gs/2019.v33n4/356-360/en/
Einarson, T. R., Acs, A. L., & Panton, U. H. (2018). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular diabetology, 17, 1-19. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/S12933-018-0728-6
Forouhi, N. G., & Wareham, N. J. (2019). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine, 47(1), 22-27. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1357303918302640
Haghighatpanah, M., Nejad, A. S., Haghighatpanah, M., Thunga, G., & Mallayasamy, S. (2018). Factors that correlate with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with complications. Osong public health and research perspectives, 9(4), 167. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6110332/
Hazra, A., & Gogtay, N. (2016). Biostatistics series module 4: Comparing groups–categorical variables. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(4), 385-392. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/ijd/Pages/default.aspx
Higashi, Y. (2022). Roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial dysfunction-related disease. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1958. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/11/10/1958
Jarmul, J. A., Pignone, M., & Pletcher, M. J. (2015). Interpreting hemoglobin A1C in combination with conventional risk factors for prediction of cardiovascular risk. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes, 8(5). Retrieved from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.001639
Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean journal of anesthesiology, 68(6), 540-546. Retrieved from https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1156170
Maamoun, H., Abdelsalam, S. S., Zeidan, A., Korashy, H. M., & Agouni, A. (2019). Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a critical molecular driver of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disturbances associated with diabetes. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(7), 1658. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/7/1658
Rawshani, A., Rawshani, A., Franzén, S., Sattar, N., Eliasson, B., Svensson, A. M., & Gudbjörnsdottir, S. (2018). Risk factors, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England journal of medicine, 379(7), 633-644. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1800256
Reddy, M. A., Zhang, E., & Natarajan, R. (2015). Epigenetic mechanisms in diabetic complications and metabolic memory. Diabetologia, 58(4), 43-455. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-014-3462-y
Sacks, D. (2011). A1C versus glucose testing: a comparison. Diabetes Care. Retrieved from https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/34/2/518/39254/A1C-Versus-Glucose-Testing-A-Comparison
Schober, P., & Vetter, T. R. (2021). Logistic regression in medical research. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 132(2), 365-366. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2021/02000/Logistic_Regression_in_Medical_Research.12.aspx?context=LatestArticles
Scribbr. (2023). What is a retrospective cohort study? Definition & examples. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/retrospective-cohort-study/
Shen, Y., Zhou, J., Shi, L., Nauman, E., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Price‐Haywood, E. G., & Hu, G. (2021). Association between visit‐to‐visit HbA1c variability and the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 23(1), 125-135. Retrieved from https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dom.14201
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
Terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
