Influence of Dietary Immunoadjuvants on Growth Performance and Haematological Parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei during WSSV Infection
Keywords:
Litopenaeus vannamei, white spot syndrome virus, WSSV, immunoadjuvant, Glycine max, IgY, haemocytes, oxyhaemocyanin, growth performance, shrimp aquacultureAbstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens affecting shrimp aquaculture and can cause severe mortality and considerable economic losses. Because effective therapeutic treatment for WSSV is unavailable, enhancement of the innate defence mechanisms of shrimp through dietary immunostimulants and immunoadjuvants represents an important alternative disease-management strategy. The present study evaluated the influence of dietary anti-WSSV egg-yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY), produced with and without the herbal immunoadjuvant Glycine max, on growth performance and selected haematological parameters of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei following WSSV challenge. Three herbal candidates, Acalypha indica, Glycine max and Asparagus racemosus, were initially screened, and G. max and A. racemosus showed better survival responses than A. indica. G. max was subsequently selected as the principal immunoadjuvant because of its phytochemical profile, particularly the presence of saponins. The experimental shrimp received diets containing control IgY, anti-WSSV IgY without immunoadjuvant (Ex-I), anti-WSSV IgY produced with 500 µg G. max (Ex-II), or anti-WSSV IgY produced with 1 ml G. max (Ex-III). After WSSV challenge, substantial improvements in weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in the experimental groups. At 25 days post-vaccination, weight gain increased from 1.6 g in the control IgY group to 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 g in Ex-I, Ex-II and Ex-III, respectively. At 50 days, weight gain increased from 0.5 g in the control IgY group to 2.2, 2.9 and 4.7 g in the corresponding experimental groups. Haematological responses were also improved. Total haemocyte count, haemolymph coagulation and oxyhaemocyanin concentrations showed favourable changes in immunoadjuvant-treated shrimp. The Ex-III group exhibited the strongest overall response, with a total haemocyte count of 45.00 × 10³ cells ml⁻¹ at 25 days and 45.20 × 10³ cells ml⁻¹ at 50 days. Haemolymph coagulation time declined from 171.66 s in the control IgY group to 96.00 s in Ex-III at 25 days and from 167.00 to 89.66 s at 50 days. Oxyhaemocyanin also increased progressively in the experimental groups. The findings indicate that dietary anti-WSSV IgY combined with G. max immunoadjuvant can improve growth and strengthen important cellular and physiological defence parameters in WSSV-challenged L. vannamei. The results support the potential of herbal immunoadjuvant-based edible antibody diets as an alternative approach for sustainable shrimp health management.
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