Plant-Derived Saponins from Soybean (Glycine max), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi), and Shikakai (Acacia concinna): A Comprehensive Review of Their Immunoadjuvant Potential and Applications in IgY Production
Keywords:
Soybean, Fenugreek, Soapnut, Shikakai, Saponins, Immunoadjuvant, IgY, Aquaculture..Abstract
Plant-derived immunoadjuvants have attracted considerable attention as natural alternatives to synthetic adjuvants due to their safety, biodegradability, and immunostimulatory properties. Among these, Soybean (Glycine max), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), Soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi), and Shikakai (Acacia concinna) are rich sources of saponins and other bioactive compounds that possess significant pharmacological activities. These plants exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-enhancing properties that contribute to improved host defense mechanisms. Saponins derived from these plants have been reported to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses, making them promising candidates as vaccine adjuvants and immunostimulants. Recent studies have demonstrated their potential applications in animal health, aquaculture, and functional food development. This review summarizes the phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, immunomodulatory properties, and potential applications of these four medicinal plants, highlighting their importance as sustainable natural immunoadjuvants..
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