Parenting Styles On Adolescent Psychosomatic Disorder: A Meta Analysis
Keywords:
Authoritative parenting, Neglectful Parenting, Adolescents, Psychosomatic Disorders, Parenting StylesAbstract
Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental stage marked by rapid physical, emotional, and psychological changes, making individuals particularly vulnerable to psychosomatic disorders. While parenting styles are known to influence adolescent mental health, their specific relationship with psychosomatic symptoms remains underexplored. This study aimed to systematically examine the association between authoritative and neglectful parenting styles and psychosomatic issues in adolescents through a meta-analytic approach.
Methods : A meta-analysis was conducted using six peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2016 and 2022. Data were analyzed using Jamovi software, employing a random-effects model to account for study variability. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to quantify the effect size, and heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the I² statistic.
Results:Findings revealed that authoritative parenting was significantly associated with a reduction in psychosomatic symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal problems. In contrast, neglectful parenting showed a positive correlation with increased psychosomatic complaints among adolescents. Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 90.02%), but no publication bias was detected.
Conclusion:The results highlight the protective role of authoritative parenting in reducing psychosomatic problems during adolescence. These findings emphasize the importance of promoting emotionally supportive and structured parenting practices in mental health interventions and policy formulation to enhance adolescent psychosomatic well-being
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References
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26. Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39–64.
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28. Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2020). Parental control and adolescent wellbeing in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Indicators Research, 13(2), 703–727.
29. Lippold, M. A., Fosco, G. M., Ram, N., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). Knowledge lability: Within-person changes in parental knowledge and their associations with adolescent problem behavior. Prevention Science, 17, 274–283.
30. Lyell, K. M., Coyle, S., Malecki, C. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2020). Parent and peer social support compensation and internalizing problems in adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 83, 25–49.
31. Madasu, S., Malhotra, S., Kant, S., Sagar, R., Mishra, A. K., Misra, P., & Ahamed, F. (2019). Anxiety disorders among adolescents in a rural area of northern India using Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders tool: A Community-based Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 44(4), 317–321.
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36. Rafiee, S., & Chehreii, S. (2016). The relationship between perceived parenting styles and loneliness in students. Asian Social Science, 12(9), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n9p230
37. Ramberg, J. (2021). The association between parental support and adolescents’ psychological complaints: The mediating role of a good school climate. Children, 8(7), 550.
38. Romero-Acosta, K., Gómez-De-Regil, L., Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G. E., & Gibson, R. C. (2021). Parenting styles, anxiety and depressive symptoms in child/adolescent. International Journal of Psychological Research, 14(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4704
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41. Shajari, K., & Hejazi, M. (2019). Relationship between parental parenting styles with emotional maturity and Alexithymia by mediating educational compatibility among female students in Zanjan city. Development Strategies in Medical Education, 6(2), 25–38.
42. Shaydukova, L. K. (2024). Mechanisms of conversion, somatoform and psychosomatic disorders in adulthood and childhood-adolescence. Kazan Medical Journal, 105(5), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.17816/kmj633527
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50. Aniemeka, O. O., Akinnawo, E. O., Akintola, A. A., Akpunne, B. C., Kumuyi, D. O., & Onisile, D. F. (2021). Parenting Styles as Determinants of Psychopathological Symptoms among Nigerian In-School Adolescents. Psychology, 12(06), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.126058
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52. Benchaya, M. C., Moreira, T. de C., Constant, H. M. R. M., Pereira, N. M., Freese, L., Ferigolo, M., & Barros, H. M. T. (2019). Role of parenting styles in adolescent substance use cessation: Results from a Brazilian prospective study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(18), 3432.
53. Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent-adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(NOV), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
54. Bibi, A., Hayat, R., Hayat, N., Zulfiqar, S., Shafique, N., & Khalid, M. A. (2022). Impact of Parenting Styles on Psychological Flexibility Among Adolescents of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 39(3), 313–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-021-00754-z
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56. Bülow, A., Neubauer, A. B., Soenens, B., Boele, S., Denissen, J. J. A., & Keijsers, L. (2022). Universal ingredients to parenting teens: Parental warmth and autonomy support promote adolescent well-being in most families. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16836.
57. Bulut, S., Bukhori, B., & Hassan Bhat, R. (2023). The Experience of Psychosomatic Disorders among Adolescents: Challenges and Coping Strategies. Journal of Personality and Psychosomatic Research, 2(2), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jppr.2.2.4
58. Chen, B., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Van Petegem, S., & Beyers, W. (2016). Where do the cultural differences in dynamics of controlling parenting lie? Adolescents as active agents in the perception of and coping with parental behavior. Psychologica Belgica, 56(3), 169.
59. Corell, M., Friberg, P., Löfstedt, P., Petzold, M., & Chen, Y. (2022). Subjective health complaints in early adolescence reflect stress: a study among adolescents in Western Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 50(4), 516–523.
60. Eun, J. D., Paksarian, D., He, J.-P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2018). Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53, 11–20.
61. Fernando, L. M. N., Sim, W. H., Jorm, A. F., Rapee, R., Lawrence, K. A., & Yap, M. B. H. (2018). Parenting Resilient Kids (PaRK), an online parenting program to prevent anxiety and depression problems in primary school-aged children: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 19, 1–12.
62. Gorostiaga, A., Aliri, J., Balluerka, N., & Lameirinhas, J. (2019). Parenting styles and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3192.
63. Griesler, P. C., Hu, M.-C., Wall, M. M., & Kandel, D. B. (2021). Assessment of prescription opioid medical use and misuse among parents and their adolescent offspring in the US. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2031073–e2031073.
64. Grigorian, K., Östberg, V., Raninen, J., & Låftman, S. B. (2023). Parenting Practices and Psychosomatic Complaints Among Swedish Adolescents. International Journal of Public Health, 68(December). https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2023.1606580
65. Haghshenas, R., Fereidooni-Moghadam, M., & Ghazavi, Z. (2024). The relationship between perceived parenting styles and anxiety in adolescents. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25623.
66. Hashemi, T., Badri, R. & Esmaeilpour, F. (2018). The role of perceived parenting styles and borderline personality disorder in cyberbullying: Role mediator of empathy. Shenakht J. Psychol. https://doi.org/Psychiatry. 5(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.29252/dsme.
67. Högberg, B., Strandh, M., & Hagquist, C. (2020). Gender and secular trends in adolescent mental health over 24 years–the role of school-related stress. Social Science & Medicine, 250, 112890.
68. Huang, Y., Procházková, M., Lu, J., Riad, A., & Macek, P. (2022). Family related variables’ influences on adolescents’ health based on health behaviour in school-aged children database, an AI-assisted scoping review, and narrative synthesis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 871795.
69. Inchley, J., Currie, D. B., Budisavljevic, S., Torsheim, T., Jastad, A., Cosma, A., Kelly, C., & Arnasson, A. M. (2020). Spotlight on adolescent health and wellbeing: Findings from the 2017/2018 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey in Europe and Canada. International report. Volume 1: Key findings.
70. Karande, S., Gogtay, N. J., Bala, N., Sant, H., Thakkar, A., & Sholapurwala, R. (2018). Anxiety symptoms in regular school students in Mumbai City, India. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 64(2), 92–97.
71. Kaushik, Y., & Sundaresan, M. J. (2024). The Impact of Parenting Styles on Specific Behavioral Patterns of the Adolescent. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/1201.152
72. Keijser, R., Olofsdotter, S., Nilsson, K. W., & Åslund, C. (2020). The influence of parenting styles and parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional and longitudinal approach. Mental Health & Prevention, 20, 200193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200193
73. Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Burk, W. J. (2010). A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 39–64.
74. Kjellström, J., Modin, B., & Almquist, Y. B. (2017). Support from parents and teachers in relation to psychosomatic health complaints among adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(2), 478–487.
75. Leung, J. T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2020). Parental control and adolescent wellbeing in Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Indicators Research, 13(2), 703–727.
76. Lippold, M. A., Fosco, G. M., Ram, N., & Feinberg, M. E. (2016). Knowledge lability: Within-person changes in parental knowledge and their associations with adolescent problem behavior. Prevention Science, 17, 274–283.
77. Lyell, K. M., Coyle, S., Malecki, C. K., & Santuzzi, A. M. (2020). Parent and peer social support compensation and internalizing problems in adolescence. Journal of School Psychology, 83, 25–49.
78. Madasu, S., Malhotra, S., Kant, S., Sagar, R., Mishra, A. K., Misra, P., & Ahamed, F. (2019). Anxiety disorders among adolescents in a rural area of northern India using Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders tool: A Community-based Study. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 44(4), 317–321.
79. O’Neill, A. C., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Craig, W. M. (2019). Examining the association between parenting and psychosomatic problems: self-esteem as a mediator across ages in early adolescence. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 24(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2018.1482771
80. Pal, A., Parmar, A., Mandal, P., & Sagar, R. (2016). Mental Health and Human Behaviour. Journal of(November 2018), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb
81. Patton, G. C., Sawyer, S. M., Santelli, J. S., Ross, D. A., Afifi, R., Allen, N. B., Arora, M., Azzopardi, P., Baldwin, W., & Bonell, C. (2016). Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. The Lancet, 387(10036), 2423–2478.
82. Philippova, A., Malkina, O., Korotun, V., & Shatova, E. (2023). The role of somatic factors in early childhood and adolescent psychosomatic disorders. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 22(3), 687–694. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v22i3.66964
83. Rafiee, S., & Chehreii, S. (2016). The relationship between perceived parenting styles and loneliness in students. Asian Social Science, 12(9), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n9p230
84. Ramberg, J. (2021). The association between parental support and adolescents’ psychological complaints: The mediating role of a good school climate. Children, 8(7), 550.
85. Romero-Acosta, K., Gómez-De-Regil, L., Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G. E., & Gibson, R. C. (2021). Parenting styles, anxiety and depressive symptoms in child/adolescent. International Journal of Psychological Research, 14(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4704
86. Sainz, M., Martínez, R., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., & Moya, M. (2019). Where does the money come from? Humanizing high socioeconomic status groups undermines attitudes toward redistribution. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 771.
87. Seiffge-Krenke, I., Sattel, H., Cavdar, D., & Öncü, B. (2021). Adolescents’ somatic complaints in eight countries: what influence do parental rearing styles have? European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30(10), 1533–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01628-y
88. Shajari, K., & Hejazi, M. (2019). Relationship between parental parenting styles with emotional maturity and Alexithymia by mediating educational compatibility among female students in Zanjan city. Development Strategies in Medical Education, 6(2), 25–38.
89. Shaydukova, L. K. (2024). Mechanisms of conversion, somatoform and psychosomatic disorders in adulthood and childhood-adolescence. Kazan Medical Journal, 105(5), 771–781. https://doi.org/10.17816/kmj633527
90. Shibata, M., Ninomiya, T., Anno, K., Kawata, H., Iwaki, R., Sawamoto, R., Kubo, C., Kiyohara, Y., Sudo, N., & Hosoi, M. (2020). Parenting style during childhood is associated with the development of chronic pain and a patient’s need for psychosomatic treatment in adulthood: A case-control study. Medicine (United States), 99(29), E21230. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000021230
91. Sobhani, S., Jamilian, H., & Paknejad, I. (2024). Prediction of resilience based on parenting and coping strategies in patients with psychosomatic disorders. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01784-9
92. Vafaeenejad, Z., Elyasi, F., Moosazadeh, M., & Shahhosseini, Z. (2018). Psychological factors contributing to parenting styles: A systematic review. F1000Research, 7, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.12688/F1000RESEARCH.14978.1
93. van Starrenburg, M. L. A., Kuijpers, R. C. M. W., Kleinjan, M., Hutschemaekers, G. J. M., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2017). Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral therapy-based indicated prevention program for children with elevated anxiety levels: A randomized controlled trial. Prevention Science, 18, 31–39.
94. Winding, T. N., & Andersen, J. H. (2019). Do negative childhood conditions increase the risk of somatic symptoms in adolescence?–a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 19, 1–9.
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