Comprehensive Review Of Analytical Methodologies For Gliclazide And Sitagliptin

Authors

  • Sneha Das
  • Bhoomi D Patel
  • Sanjesh Rathi

Keywords:

Gliclazide, Sitagliptin, Analytical Methodologies, RP-HPLC, LC-MS, Quality by Design

Abstract

This comprehensive review examines and critically evaluates the analytical methodologies developed for Gliclazide and Sitagliptin, two widely used antidiabetic drugs. It provides a detailed analysis of method development and validation parameters, such as linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness, as defined by international guidelines. The review study highlights the strengths and limitations of each method for quantifying these drugs in various matrices, including bulk drug, pharmaceutical formulations, and biological fluids.  Special emphasis is placed on approaches which offers a systematic and risk-based framework for method development, ensuring a more robust and rugged analytical procedure. By synthesizing a vast body of literature, this review aims to provide researchers and analysts with critical insights to select the most appropriate and efficient analytical method for a given application. The insights gained from this review can guide future research in developing more sensitive, rapid, and eco-friendly analytical methods for the quality control and therapeutic monitoring of Gliclazide and Sitagliptin. This extensive study critiques Gliclazide and Sitagliptin's analytical methods, two popular antidiabetics. Novel techniques like Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD), which provides a systematic and risk-based framework for method development, are prioritised to provide a more robust analytical procedure. This review synthesises a large amount of knowledge to help researchers and analysts choose the best analytical approach for a specific application.  The findings of this study can help create more sensitive, fast, and environmentally friendly analytical procedures for Gliclazide and Sitagliptin quality control and therapeutic monitoring. The review covers spectrometry, HPLC, UPLC, and their hyphenated variants like LC-MS and LC-ESI-MS-MS.  It analyses worldwide guidelines-defined method development and validation characteristics including linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness..

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] Sotoudeheian M, Mirahmadi SM, Salehi Darjani P, Moradi M, Pirhayati M, Dakkali MS, Taghizadeh M, Azarbad R, Pazoki Toroudi H. Sitagliptin, diabetes mellitus, and heart failure: an in-depth review of sitagliptin therapy and heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetology International. 2025 Feb 15:1-20.

[2] Yaribeygi H, Mirmohammadkhani M, Rashidy-Pour A, Sathyapalan T, Foroutan M, Najmaldin A, Hemmati MA, Memaripanah N. Addition of sitagliptin to ongoing metformin improved metabolic profile and pancreatic function via normalizing inflammatory cytokines’ levels in patients with type 2 diabetes, a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2025 Jul 28:1-9.

[3] Chang Y, Zhou Y, Zhou F, Liang J, Li Y, Tian M. Sitagliptin ameliorates microbial dysbiosis and enhances gut barrier integrity in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2025;16:1655522.

[4] Mathew R, Thomas B. Deciphering the Topology of Sitagliptin Using an Integrated Approach. ACS omega. 2025 Jan 10;10(2):2289-95.

[5] Torrecillas-Baena B, Pulido-Escribano V, Quesada-Gómez JM, Moreno-Moreno P, Herrera-Martínez AD, Dorado G, Gálvez-Moreno MÁ, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Casado-Díaz A. Antidiabetic sitagliptin influences tissue regeneration by affecting progenitor cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2025 Aug 1;189:118279.

[6] Xie Z, Liang Z, Zheng G, Cao W. A comparative analysis of cost-utility: Chiglitazar vs. sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2025 Sep 10:109174.

[7] Alqahtani QH, ALMatrafi TA, Badr AM, Alturaif SA, Mohammed R, Siyal A, Hasan IH. Sitagliptin Mitigates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through Oxidative Stress Reduction and Suppression of VEGF and FLT-1 Expression in Rats. Biomolecules. 2025 Jul 30;15(8):1104.

[8] Gao W, Chen D, He H, Jiang N, Chen L, Ran X. Sitagliptin, a DPP‐4 Inhibitor, Effectively Promotes the Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Diabetes. 2025 Sep;17(9):e70156.

[9] Lazarević S, Kosijer S, Đanić M, Zaklan D, Stanimirov B, Mikov M, Pavlović N. In Vitro Evaluation of Drug–Drug Interaction Between Gliclazide and Antacids at the Absorption Level. Pharmaceuticals. 2025 May 5;18(5):684.

[10] Bishnoi A, Sur A, Gonsalves B, Atri B, Goswami S, Ravindranath V, Patel V, Prajapati H, Shah D. Taking a Closer Look at Gliclazide–Benefits Beyond Glycemic Control. International Journal of Diabetes and Technology. 2025 Jul 1;4(3):49-54.

[11] Bansal R, Kant R, Bahurupi Y, Gupta A. Efficacy and Safety of Gliclazide versus Glimepiride in T2DM Patients: A Systematic Review. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2025 May 1;29(3):260-7.

[12] Dhadphale AG, Patil VR, Donde KJ. Structural Elucidation of Unforeseen Salt Hydrate of Gliclazide for Enhanced Solubility and Dissolution rate. Journal of Molecular Structure. 2025 Jun 18:143028.

[13] Mazyed S, El-Masry SM, Abbas H, Abd-Alhaseeb MM, Elbedaiwy HM. Gliclazide loaded spanlastic nanovesicles: empowering bioavailability and antidiabetic efficacy. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2025 May 4;51(5):440-53.

[14] Mamale K, Shukla S, Mahale P, Mhaske A, Kaundal RK, Shukla R. Investigating the efficacy of gliclazide encapsulated hydrogel in the preclinical mice model for atopic dermatitis. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 2025 Jan 4:1-6.

[15] Qin M, Chao L, Liu S. Comparative efficacy and safety of sitagliptin or gliclazide combined with metformin in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: A single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority study with genetic polymorphism analysis. Medicine. 2025 Jan 10;104(2):e41061.

[16] Elemary T, Abdelrahim ME, Nicola M, Zaafar D. Therapeutic impact of vildagliptin vs. gliclazide on insulin resistance and advanced glycated end product levels in newly diagnosed Egyptian diabetics: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2025 Aug 5:1-6.

[17] Song Y, Shim WS, Song E, Park Y, Kim BH, Lee S, Chung EK, Lee KT. Development and Validation of a Highly Sensitive LC–MS/MS Method for the Precise Quantification of Sitagliptin in Human Plasma and Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules. 2025 Jul 16;30(14):2995.

[18] Manukonda V, Dandamudi SP, Kusuma PK, Thumma G, Gangarapu K. Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous estimation of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin in bulk and tablet dosage forms: assessment of greenness and blueness. Green Analytical Chemistry. 2025 Mar 1;12:100193.

[19] Alshora D, Ibrahim MA, Sherif AY, Elzayat E, Alotaibi I. Optimization and Validation of the UPLC Method for Rapid, Facile, and Simultaneous Analysis of Sitagliptin and Metformin in Quality Control Samples. ACS omega. 2025 Feb 4;10(6):5829-37.

[20] Hadawale S, Sharma S. Analytical and Bioanalytical Methods for the Determination of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors in Various Matrices: A Comprehensive Review. Current Diabetes Reviews. 2025 Jun;21(5):E030524229629.

[21] Demir İ, Bulduk İ, Enginar H. A Green HPLC Method for Determination of Gliclazide in Pharmaceutical Products: Greenness Assessment, Validation and Development. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. 2025 May 20:1-9.

[22] Hassouni N. Development of an Analytical Method for Ligand Quantification in Pharmaceutical Forms Using Visible Range Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy. Dijlah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2025 Jul 28;4(2):79-95.

[23] Trailokya AA, Wankhede S, Shirsat A, Talware A. Place of New Generation Sulfonylurea: Gliclazide in the Evolving Landscape of Type 2 Diabetes Management. Diseases & Research. 2025 Feb 18;5(2):111-6.

[24] Patel B, Parikh S, Patel R, Patel K, Patel P, Darji P, Patel A, Patel S. Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for the Estimation of Metformin and Vildagliptin in K3EDTA Human Plasma Using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Letters. 2025 Mar 19.

[25] Qin M, Chao L, Liu S. Comparative efficacy and safety of sitagliptin or gliclazide combined with metformin in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: A single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority study with genetic polymorphism analysis. Medicine. 2025 Jan 10;104(2):e41061.

[26] Jadhav S, Auti S, Sharma S. Optimizing Internal Standard Selection for Precise Bioanalytical Quantification of Antidiabetic Drugs: A Critical Review. Chromatographia. 2025 Aug 19:1-21.

[27] Semysim FA, Hussain BK, Hussien MA, Azooz EA, Snigur D. Assessing the greenness and environmental friendliness of analytical methods: modern approaches and recent computational programs. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2025 May 19;55(4):670-83.

[28] Mansour FR, Bedair A, Locatelli M. Click analytical chemistry index as a novel concept and framework, supported with open source software to assess analytical methods. Advances in Sample Preparation. 2025 May 1;14:100164.

[29] Abbood A. Overview of the Role of Chromatographic Modes in Pharmaceutical Peptide Analysis. International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJAPSR). 2025 Feb 28;5(2):22-9.

[30] Verma A, Nair R. Chromatographic Methods for the Separation of Naturally Occurring Bioactive Compounds and Their Applications in Industry. Engineering Perspectives in Filtration and Separation. 2025 Jan 30:18-24.

[31] Mondello L, Cordero C, Janssen HG, Synovec RE, Zoccali M, Tranchida PQ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Nature Reviews Methods Primers. 2025 Feb 6;5(1):7.

[32] Mazraedoost S, Sedigh Malekroodi H, Zuvela P, Yi M, Liu JJ. Prediction of Chromatographic Retention Time of a Small Molecule from SMILES Representation Using a Hybrid Transformer-LSTM Model. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 2025 Mar 28;65(7):3343-56.

[33] Guo X, Wan X, Ho CT. Application of gas chromatography‐ion mobility spectrometry in tea (Camellia sinensis): A comprehensive review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2025 Mar;24(2):e70119.

[34] Aboushady D, Samir L, Masoud A, Elshoura Y, Mohamed A, Hanafi RS, El Deeb S. Chemometric approaches for sustainable pharmaceutical analysis using liquid chromatography. Chemistry. 2025 Jan 20;7(1):11.

[35] Abbood A. Mixed Mode Chromatographic Stationary Phases in Pharmaceutical Peptide Analysis. ace. 2025 Apr 30;120:5-C8.

[36] Zhang H, Yang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang M, Xu Z, Wang X, Jiang J. Mass spectrometry analysis for clinical applications: a review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2025 Jan 2;55(1):213-32.

[37] Mogashane TM, Mapazi O, Motlatle MA, Mokoena L, Tshilongo J. A review of recent developments in analytical methods for determination of phosphorus from environmental samples. Molecules. 2025 Feb 21;30(5):1001.

[38] Ali Z, Talpur FN, Afridi HI, Ahmed F, Brohi NA, Abbasi H. Analytical approaches and advancement in the analysis of natural and synthetic fiber: a comprehensive review. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2025 Feb 5;326:125164.

[39] Kumar JS, Archana B, Muralidharan K, Srija R. Spectral Graph Theory: Eigen Values Laplacians and Graph Connectivity. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering. 2025 Mar 13;31(3):78-84.

[40] Xu Y, Aljuhani W, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Li C, Bell SE. A practical approach to quantitative analytical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Society Reviews. 2025;54(1):62-84.

[41] Yu K, Zhong M, Zhu W, Rashid A, Han R, Virk MS, Duan K, Zhao Y, Ren X. Advances in computer vision and spectroscopy techniques for non-destructive quality assessment of citrus fruits: A comprehensive review. Foods. 2025 Jan 24;14(3):386.

[42] Sun Z, Li K, Bu Y, Liang Z, Jiang C, Zhang J. Molecular insights into bituminous coals pyrolysis: a combined study using spectroscopic techniques, thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry and ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations. Energy. 2025 Jan 15;315:134442.

[43] Adarakatti PS. Fundamentals of electrochemistry. InAgricultural Electrochemistry 2025 (pp. 17-46). American Chemical Society.

[44] Mogashane TM, Mapazi O, Motlatle MA, Mokoena L, Tshilongo J. A review of recent developments in analytical methods for determination of phosphorus from environmental samples. Molecules. 2025 Feb 21;30(5):1001.

[45] Gajdar J, Gaspar SR, Almeida MG. Trends in nitrite detection: Recent advances in electrochemical sensor technologies. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2025 Feb 1;183:118105.

[46] Noreen S, Ishaq I, Saleem MH, Ali B, Muhammad Ali S, Iqbal J. Electrochemical biosensing in oncology: a review advancements and prospects for cancer diagnosis. Cancer biology & therapy. 2025 Dec 31;26(1):2475581.

[47] Sheetal, Kundu S, Thakur S, Singh AK, Singh M, Pani B, Saji VS. A review of electrochemical techniques for corrosion monitoring–fundamentals and research updates. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2025 Jan 2;55(1):161-86.

[48] Ozbey S, Keles G, Kurbanoglu S. Innovations in graphene-based electrochemical biosensors in healthcare applications. Microchimica Acta. 2025 May;192(5):290.

[49] Agar M, Laabei M, Leese HS, Estrela P. Multi-template molecularly imprinted polymeric electrochemical biosensors. Chemosensors. 2025 Jan 8;13(1):11.

[50] Malik R, Tomer VK, Sain M. Analytical techniques for studying cell aging in lithium–sulfur batteries. EES Batteries. 2025;1(1):119-52.

[51] Han Y, Zhang P, Duan X, Gao X, Gao L. Advances in precise synthesis of metal nanoclusters and their applications in electrochemical biosensing of disease biomarkers. Nanoscale. 2025

Downloads

Published

2026-03-16

How to Cite

1.
Das S, D Patel B, Rathi S. Comprehensive Review Of Analytical Methodologies For Gliclazide And Sitagliptin. J Neonatal Surg [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 16 [cited 2026 Mar. 17];15(1s):22-31. Available from: https://jneonatalsurg.com/index.php/jns/article/view/10092